What are common secondary impairments associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Common secondary impairments associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy include contractures and scoliosis. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder characterized by the degeneration of muscle fibers, which leads to muscle weakness and loss of function over time. As the disease progresses, certain secondary complications often arise due to immobility and muscle imbalances.

Contractures occur when muscles and tendons shorten due to prolonged immobility or muscle weakness, limiting joint movement. This can particularly affect major joints such as the hips, knees, and ankles. Scoliosis, a curvature of the spine, can develop as a consequence of muscle weakness, particularly in the back muscles that are responsible for maintaining spinal alignment. These secondary impairments further complicate a patient’s mobility and overall quality of life.

In contrast, options that suggest improved cardiovascular health, enhanced respiratory capacity, or stabilization of muscle strength do not accurately reflect the nature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, as the condition typically leads to a decline in these areas due to the progressive nature of muscle degeneration.